Writing about cultural practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing about cultural practices - Essay Example Among friends or acquaintances, before parting, they sometimes shake hands as gesture of saying good-bye. For people who have had some misunderstanding, a handshake would mean that everything is ok with them already and that the conflict has been resolved (Kissell , par 6). This social norm of shaking hands has persisted because it is an international norm which is accepted by all races. The handshake has been a mutual sign of goodwill and peace (Haymond , par 1). It is a socially acceptable way of greeting other people in public rather than kissing or hugging. The handshake was believed to have originated as a way of showing that one’s right hand was not carrying any weapon; thus, if two men met and they both show their empty right hands, that means that there exists a level of trust between them (Kissell , par 3). Kissell goes on further to state that the shaking of the hands was supposed to remove any hidden weapon that may be kept in the sleeves. In today’s modern world, the handshake is very difficult to avoid. Some even consider it an insult if the handshake is not accepted (Kissell , par 2). For example, if a person is trying to make amends with another person and he offers his hand and the other person refuses to shake his hand, this would convey the message that one is not accepting the other person’s apology. The norm of shaking hands should be abolished because the world today is exposed to numerous sources of infection and the handshake is one of the most common ways of spreading infection. The handshake makes every person susceptible to be infected (Potty , par 4). Viruses such as AH1N1, Swine flu or Avian flu can easily be transmitted through a hand shake. Although frequent hand washing is always advised, one cannot avoid touching door knobs, grocery carts, elevator buttons, escalator railings, train handrails or money. It has also been a common practice to cover one’s mouth with

Extreme Sports Essay Example for Free

Extreme Sports Essay It is quite common these days for sport players in many countries to get injured during they are playing sports. People reckon this phenomenon is especially true when people play some relatively more violent and extreme sports. Although those sports court the excitement and challenge the utmost of human being which certainly cannot be brought by other common sport, but, still some conservative people advocate to ban this kind of sport. Those people who assert to ban dangerous sport in publics, the first thing they have to do is to define what sorts of sports are dangerous. Clearly, people divide the sport according to their tendency to lead people injury. But dilemma has occurred here. We all know that there is no definite safe or dangerous sports. Even the safest sports , you can name it, be it running or swimming, they all can induce danger or even pose a threat to peoples life. Sport player may involve in incidents or they can be drowned, this is not limited to those who are unable to swimming, but also evident among those who are good at swimming, they may die because of exhaustion or careless or even be attacked by shark when they swimming in sea. So, the so called safe sports do take peoples lives. Opposing, if in a extreme sport such as skiing, if the player have been correctly educated and trained, with proper protective equipment and play with cautions, then the danger will minimize to the least, even safer than the so called safe sports. To sum up, there is not really dangerous sports if we have put necessary protective equipment, or the proper training and the education has been set in. meanwhile, even the non-dangerous sport also brings bad results if we are careless. So, probably, no sport is really dangerous, the real danger is careless and unsecure equipment. Thus, governments’ role here is not to ban the dangerous sport, but to provide the proper guide to let the player enjoy the sport and in the mean time knows how to play safely.

The History of Film Essay examples -- Informative, Film

A major change that has occurred in the development of film is the linearity of narrative. The history of film spans over one hundred years ago, with classical narrative emerging in Hollywood around the nineteen thirties. The classical narrative period had a strong emphasis on linearity and coherence, where characters where goal centred and consistent in personality and action. In the nineteen sixties a change began to emerge in Hollywood, with Breathless (Jean-Luc Godard, 1960) breaking the editing rules, and narrative coherence, with the introduction of jump cuts. This film among others greatly contributed to the outburst of non-linear narratives, a narrative technique wherein events are portrayed out of chronological order. In the twenty-first century a range of independent films with a variety of non-linear narratives have been getting mainstream release. Within this essay I will briefly explain the different types of narratives and the reasons for their popularity. The directorial intent for many non-linear narratives can be to evoke mood, maintain suspense, indicate the malleability of memory, signify dream, and above all to provide visual pleasure. The involvement that a spectator can feel from a non-linear narrative can offer both a sense of pleasure and relation. The fact that it is up to the viewer to keep up, put things together, and make sense of the narrative provides a sense of satisfaction, and can become the reason they are watching the film. Removing the chronological order of a story and rearranging its components can make a it more compelling than if the scenes progressed in chronological order. An advantage of non-linear narrative is its ability to involuntarily feed the viewer information. This means that th... ...d anthology. Abstract series acts independently or semi-independently of the conventional relationship of narrative time, space, and causality whilst anthology, or multi-strand narrative, consist of a series of short stories which originally appear to be detached, yet turn out to share the same world in which the events occur. Dissimilar to other narrative structures, anthology shifts from a central character to a multi-character narrative where characters shift in and out of prominence. This type of narrative assists in maintaining suspense throughout the entire film. An ostentatious example of an anthological narrative is Love Actually (Richard Curtis 2003). The romantic comedy delves into different aspects of love as shown through ten separate stories involving a wide variety of individuals, many of whom are discovered to be interlinked as the film progresses.

Should Government Attempt to Control Human Population Growth?

Human population grows, and it has been calculated that by the year 2050 there will be over 9 billion people in the world. As a result of that the amount of land per person will have dropped to less than one square inch. It is clear that population growth must stop in some close future due to various factors (Issitt, 1). Shortage in food and water, limited energy, pollution, death of plants and animals, and many more other shortages can be count as those factors. Controlling population growth is essential for each person in the world as it might cause many dangerous situations. Each person has to know how exactly dangerous is overpopulation. Government has to stop this growth somehow by educating families about family planning, help women to get better financial progress, make a law to protect ecosystem and prevent illegal immigrants’ growth. Population growing is very dangerous especially for developing countries. Governments of those countries do not have easy job, and many of them use very drastically moves. China is one of them, where many kids have been killed, mostly girls. It is necessary to do something to stop population growth, but many people argue how, and what tools should be used to stop this growing. To decrease population government has to educate families about family planning. â€Å"According to the United Nations (UN), the human population has been growing at a rate of over 1. 2 percent, approximately 70 million persons each year. In the early twenty-first century, Africa had the highest birth rates in the world due to the infrequent use of contraceptive techniques† (Issitt, 1). This means that promoting contraception techniques would drop this rate down. When couples are given the opportunity to see how their large families are affecting resources and the environment around the world, government can begin to solve the problem by increasing the availability of birth control. However, this might not be that easy and even government give this opportunity couples really will have to use it. There have to be provided control over family size. China as one of the biggest counties in the world deals with the problem of overpopulation. According to Karin Evans â€Å"One –Child-Policy† was established in China in 1980 where government â€Å"wedged a foot into the bedroom door of every household in China ‘Use whatever means you must to reduce the population, but do it’ came the edict† (98)†. The government believes that by making this policy will help to decrease population growth. Also the China â€Å"leadership believed that fever mouths to feed meant a better chance at prosperity for more people. A rising standard of living meant better odds for political stability and a place for China in the world hierarchy† states Karin Evans in â€Å"The One-Child, Maybe-One-More Policy† (97). China is one of the countries where birth control and family planning was not provided to people as supposed to be. Instead of that government allowed the family planning workers to watch women if they are not pregnant. There were also given to them permissions but if women became pregnant without it, they were sent to do abortion. Micah Issitt states in his article â€Å"Counterpoint: Controlling Population Growth is Essential† that â€Å"Contraception is absolutely necessary for effective population control and must be fully integrated into society if there is to be any hope of reversing these population growth trends† (4). Both of the author shows how important can be contraception and family planning, as it could prevent things that happened in China. What was happening in China is very awful and sad. It is not understandable how government, who stands for people protection, can in the same time go against it. Many women in China follow very old method, such as women should stay home and take care of kids and house. What if the government let them work and success? To stop overpopulation government can help women to get better financial progress. This will cause that many women will have to delay having kids. If the government invests in women, give them opportunity to expand financially, educationally and socially, women will take an advantage of this. It will give ladies opportunity to control their life, they will be able to make the decision when to have kids, or even have them at all. When women see that opportunity given by government help them get out of poverty, they will work harder to save more money. If they see that those savings works, they will want to save even more. Those savings comes from their thinking that it will give better future for their kids. However, in China not everywhere One Child Policy works. There are some â€Å"regions [where] rural peoples who needed more hands to work the land were allowed to have more than one child without penalty. In sparsely populated rural areas the policy was two-child policy, even a three-child policy, if a family could show sufficient economic need for another child, or if the area wasn’t closely monitored† (Evans 104). That means if any regions in China need more hands to work, government allowed parents to have more children. Anyhow, there was also kind of law, that parents should have a boy, because it will take care of his parents when they will be old. In addition, girls were not allowed to get a life. In that time, a lot of girls were killed, not only after they were born, but also in some point of their mother pregnancy. Government must be aware of that it cannot take over people’s lives, tell them how many kids they can have, if they can have boys or girls. Rather than that they should invest in women, and help them develop financially. Women knowledge about growing population and economical development should be put in the first place as soon we might have lack of basic supplies and our ecosystem will be destroyed. Population growth has big impact on our environment. According to the Carrying Capacity Network, the US will lose its ability to export food by about 2030 if current growth trends continue. This would cost us about $40 billion in annual income. If the US population continues to explode, the global economy will eventually have a serious problem with supply and demand as a result of our enormous per capita consumption of materials (Reynolds). Hinrichsen and Robey in their post in site www. actionbioscience. rg state that soon there will not be enough food as the population growth faster than is able to produce supplies. Fresh water, oceans, seas, forests will notice shortages. This is all caused by people, who need more water, who need more fishes that live in rivers, seas and oceans, who need more wood to produce supplies that are necessary to live. Issitt mentions: The earth is not equipped to handle the growing human population. Only 13 percent of the earth is classified as arable l and, and this small percentage is divided between agricultural territory, human settlements and land set aside for preserving ecosystems. There is simply insufficient space to accommodate both a growing human population and the variety of species that depend on the same environmental resources. (2) That means if population will grow, we will not have enough space to build houses as well as place where we can produce food. Government should not allow getting out from water that many fishes. Soon people will have to fight to get food. It is important that government should take care more about our ecosystem as well as all people. People cannot live without water, but if water is not clear, they cannot live also. Dirty water will cause that people will be having serious health problems or even they will be dying. According to Issitt: Population growth increases the potential for direct conflict between humans and other species. Humans kill animals and plants for a variety of reasons, such as for food or resources believed to have pharmaceutical benefits, for sport, and because certain animals and plants are considered dangerous. In each case, a larger population of humans means a larger population of those who want to hunt and kill animals or harvest plants from the environment. Again, population growth means more pressure on other species. (3) In other words people will need more food to live which at the end will destroy their environment, and ecosystem will not be able to suffer all species in the world. Government should have control over that as well as over the illegal immigration. Illegal immigration starts to become serious population problem for USA and government should take care of that. We are already getting short in resources such as water, food, housing, etc. and by adding more people to US population will affect that America will be even more in shortage of this goods. Government has to think how to stop both illegal and legal immigrants grow. It will be easier to deal with number of people that want to come legally here, as there have been already cut numbers of green card lottery winners. However, it will not be that easy to deal with those who come illegally here. Many of those, whom are already here illegally, have also children who are citizens. According to Jack Martin â€Å"The United States experienced record levels of immigration in the 1990s. Fifteen million immigrants settled in the U. S. legally and illegally during the decade. Factor in their children and the generally higher fertility rates among immigrant groups, and this single factor accounts, conservatively, for more than half the astounding 35 million increase in U. S. population in the 1990s†. He also states that overpopulation causes that school are overload, health care system is going down and transportation is failing. Government has to take his position in this matter as this problem will not solve itself. Government is big and powerful institution, that can, and even must, help to decrease population growth. However, we cannot forget about ourselves. Maybe we are not that powerful and big as government, but we can help a lot. One of the things that we can do is to learn that if we cannot support our kids, we should not have them. Nobody wants their kids suffer from having not enough food, water. It might be difficult for people to understand this; however, to save what is still available to us, we have to make decision. Government must find out best solution, which will work for environment and for people together.

Phillis Wheatley Essay

The exotic daughter of Africa whose poetry inspired a cause of freedom and social justice in a different land while using the traditional religious view of her heritage. Whose words and symbolism still resonate through the world as reminders of a dream of equality and freedom from monarchal tyranny. This exemplary figure of true patriotism is Phillis Wheatley an African woman born along the Gambia River in Africa to the Fulani tribe (Shields 473). In two of her finest works â€Å"To his Excellency General Washington† and â€Å"Liberty and Peace† Phillis Wheatley uses the African tradition of solar worship to justify the American Revolution. Phillis Wheatley was born around 1753 to a Fulani woman who either practiced an ancient tribal form of solar worship or was a devout Muslim. Wheatley had only one fond memory of her life in Africa and that memory is of her mother performing a ritual every morning to the sun. ‘â€Å"before the sun at his rising† and then â€Å"prostrating herself† in the direction of the risen sun,†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Shields 473). The theory that Phillis Wheatley’s mother was a Muslim is plausible because the rising sun is in the direction of Mecca. Also, the word of Islam had spread to this part of Africa and the number of Muslims in western Africa was growing during that time period. However, the theory that Phillis Wheatley’s mother is Muslim is discredited through the use of sun allusions in Wheatley’s poetry. â€Å"Her mother’s solar worship surely is the source of her exaltation of the sun, which she names in her poems nine times as Aurora; as Apollo, seven; as Phoebus, twelve, and as Sol, twice,† (Shields). This shows the love and admiration that Phillis Wheatley had for the sun; a love that was instilled in her by her mother when Wheatley was a small child watching her mother praise Apollo. â€Å"To his Excellency General Washington† was published in April of 1776 by Phillis Wheatley in Boston Massachusetts. This poem to George Washington commemorates him for his efforts to promote freedom. This was the first written work to be published that supported him in his endeavor to free the young country (Williams). In the opening lines of the poem Phillis Wheatley uses a muse, a device of neoclassicism, which exposes the inspiration for her literary work. The muse of this poem is the celestial choir which can be interpreted as the sun god because in line one she writes, â€Å"Celestial choir! enthron’d in realms of light,† (CITATION POETRY FOR STUDENTS). â€Å"Enthron’d in realms of light† means that light surrounds the celestial choir which must come from the sun. In lines nine through twelve Wheatley explains a sun goddess that aides the American cause, â€Å"The Goddess comes, she moves divinely fair/†¦Wherever shines this native of the skies/ Unnumber’d charms and recent graces rise,† (CITATION POETRY FOR STUDENTS). This native of the skies shines wherever she roams; she is the female embodiment of the sun god. . She understands the validity of the American cause because she is fair and just that is why she supports America. The goddess shines on America and with this divine light comes unnumbered charms and graces that fall upon the young nation. She helps America by protecting them in the ultimate struggle they have at hand against the British. The theme of the poem is expressed in lines thirty one through thirty two, â€Å"And so may you, whoever dares disgrace/ This land of freedom’s heaven-defended race,† (CITATION POETRY FOR STUDENTS). The theme of this poem is simply freedom; freedom for the common man, woman and child, and that no person should be subject to any form of oppression or tyranny. The message of freedom is exemplified in these lines because America is being defended by the solar goddess. She promotes the continuation of the belief that every man is entitled freedom by birth. Therefore, these lines show that America is justified by heaven to fight the British. This heavenly protection serves as defense and as a means of dissuading any advances on America. The first line shows the warning to all that may want to pose a threat to America because it is a land of freedom that is divinely protected by the sun goddess. So, these two lines show that America is a land of freedom and that it is defende d by the sun goddess against all that transgress against America’s boundaries. After the defeat of the British in the American Revolutionary War and the Treaty of Paris of 1783 was signed, Phillis Wheatley wrote â€Å"Liberty and Peace†; a poem that celebrated the new countries independence (Shields 489-490). The poem was published in 1784 and praised the defeat of Britannia by America, which has just been established as a sovereign state (Doak 86). It was also one of her last notable works because during that same year she passed away (O’Neale). The overall theme and message of the poem is that America is noble and just for fighting for its independence and that she is and will always be divinely protected. Britain is considered a menace and dictator for holding the colonies back for becoming their own separate country (Jamison). In â€Å"Liberty and Peace† on line sixty four Phillis Wheatley explains how her ancestral sun god is on the side of America and that it is the reason why America defeated the British. The line reads, â€Å"And Heavenly Freedom spread her gold Ray,† (O’Neale). This line shows that the golden ray of heaven will be spread by heavenly freedom. The golden ray was graced upon America by the female embodiment of the sun god. This ray of freedom will spread to any land where America spreads its sails. America being able to spread its ray of freedom is shown in lines sixty two through sixty three of â€Å"Liberty and Peace†, â€Å"Where e’er Columbia spreads her swelling Sails/ To every Realm shall Peace her Charms display,† (O’Neale). This quote illustrates that the golden ray placed upon America by the sun goddess will spread to other lands by heavenly freedom. That any land America encounters will be instilled with the American virtues of p eace and freedom. Phillis Wheatley is a true American patriot for the American quest of peace and freedom from the British menace. She uses her ancestral tradition of solar worship to justify the American cause and to support the troops in their enormous endeavor. In â€Å"To his Excellency General Washington† Phillis Wheatley illustrates a sun goddess that aides on the side of the Americans during the revolutionary war. Wheatley goes on to further explain that American people are a group of people that are divinely protected because they exemplify a spirit of freedom that has never been seen in the world to date. In â€Å"Liberty and Peace† Phillis Wheatley shows that the values and beliefs that are at the core of America are protected by the sun god; that is the reason why America was able to triumph over the British. It was able to because it was fighting for freedom and the sun god protects and defends the righteous in all their endeavors. America will also inspire every land she touches to fight for freedom and equality because America is heavenly defended and her virtues are protected by the sun god. It is clear to see the instances of solar allusions in Phillis Wheatley’s work. She uses her mother’s religion of solar worship to show the validity of the American cause in the Revolutionary War. Phillis Wheatley supported and whole-heartedly believed in the American Revolution due to the fact that in â€Å"To his Excellency General Washington† and â€Å"Liberty and Peace she uses her tradition of solar worship to support America.

Forrest Gump and Three Flowers †Creative Writing Essay

Forrest Gump and Three Flowers – Creative Writing Essay Free Online Research Papers Forrest Gump and Three Flowers Creative Writing Essay You know what? I just finished watching Forrest Gump. That is my†¦ to be honest, I forget, the times that I watched this movie, I only know that I’ve watched it many times, at least six. Each time when I watch it, I would have different feelings, but one thing I have never changed before and it also won’t be changed in future- courage, no matter how many times I watch it. Usually the audiences would think that Gump is not a smart person, actually someone even consider that he is an idiot. Because he doesn’t know the consequence of each event, but he uses all his heart and soul when he faces the challenge. That’s courage. I think Forrest Gump might touch me. Picking the pen is such a hard behavior to me. The moment you decide write something on the white paper, that means you might need to face the real yourself, you might try to cover something ugly, but not reveal everything honestly. I don’t know what I want to say just like Forrest Gump doesn’t know what he wants to do in his life. However, I love the feeling that the pen guides my mind, the pen nib would lead me to somewhere. The pen nib’s liquidity likes the skater’s slides on the ice, so fre e. I believe this pen; this lucky pen would bring me to a fortunate place, even though I don’t know where it is as well. Yes. I think I don’t know where I am now, but my mind like a flipping backward calendar, invoke my three good roommates. June, it is a graduation month; thousands of students leave their schools at this time. School? What is it? It’s a place where only learn the textbook knowledge? No, definitely not, but I used to think about it. Since I have memory, when I met my elder relatives, they always asked my marks in school and the rank in my grade. If I spoke out a number can make them satisfied, then they would also be excited like they got it from school and treat you so well, like you were their own daughter, usually the number should be as small as possible. If I could not say a good number, they would consider that you had begun to lose the entering university chance. The family pressure caused some of my relatives graduated from world- famous universities like Harvard, Cambridge and Chicago University in my family. Being with them, the only thing I needed to do, and I might do well is study, study again and again. I tried not to let them disappointed with me, so my marks kept in a high level in my class. My parents might be the admiring people when my school had parents meeting. My life was so common. Got up, go to school, go home, do my homework and then go to bed. Everyday, I redo the same actions, but I didn’t tired of it, because study was my life’s center. When I graduated from primary school, Dad made a big decision to me: send me to a private school. God! Why he must send me to there? Don’t I study in public school bad? As I heard it I felt so shock like seeing snow in summer. However he thought I could get a better education from there. So I left my dear friends who have studied together for six years. I left a familiar surrounding and changed into a completely unknown school. September is still a humid hot month to my hometown, the acrimony sun glared on your body, like lash whipped on your skin, the cicada’s yelling from the tree, which made reluctantly going to school. The classroom didn’t familiar any more, the new face made me urged wanting to go home and escaped from this closing teaching environment. I felt that I was abandoned in a drain well by my parents. Nobody could hear my help. The night before I came to school, I asked my parents. â€Å"Daddy, Mummy, if I go to school tomorrow, you probably see me once a week.† â€Å"Yes, but we will miss you so much.† Dad said. â€Å"Daddy, I am scared. If the new school’s teachers and students don’t like me, or my mark is too low, what can I do?† â€Å"My sweetheart, don’t avoid growing up. This is a perfect chance to expand your eyesight. You can meet many peers from different places and you can learn many things from your teachers and friends. It’s impossible to spend all your life with your primary classmates.† Daddy comforted me. â€Å"If I can’t adopt the new school, can I quit studying there?† The moment I burst out this sentence, I knew that I had spoken a wrong sentence. Because Daddy scowled and shouted, â€Å"I don’t care whether you like there or not, you must study there well. I spend so much money on you, how can you make me disappointed? You’re so disobeying and rebellious.† Under this helpless situation, I had no choice, but went to my new school. Thousands of questions still around my mind: could I keep studying well at there? Are there many outstanding students? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Research Papers on Forrest Gump and Three Flowers - Creative Writing EssayPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyStandardized TestingHip-Hop is ArtHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Spring and AutumnHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Hockey Game

How to Write and Submit an Excellent Precis

How to Write and Submit an Excellent Precis How to Write a Precis Flawlessly Numerous academic assignments can be quite a big challenge for students who prefer avoiding too complex tasks. Often, students who have no interest in dedicated learning and personal skills’ constant improvement, face many problems once dealing with academic assignments. Still, no matter what reason is, every student needs to submit his academic papers on time. Writing a precis is probably one of the most difficult tasks for students. This academic assignment requires a proper structure and planning thus make sure to discover all the tips and guides on how to perform a precis mentioned in this article. The Definition of a Precis When dealing with a precis, it is great to know in advance what the kind of task you are dealing with and how to write it properly. In fact, a precis is a short summary. If translating the word â€Å"precis† from French, it will be â€Å"cut brief†. The precis is an outline of a published work, like dissertation or article. The student needs to provide a summary of the read text but without paraphrasing it. This task requires summing up ideas of the checked literature work and making some conclusions. Be aware, a precis is an important and separate work, thus it never remains a simple paraphrasing. Besides, a precis does not require mentioning all the details presented in an analyzed literature work. You need to sum up the main ideas and discover the structure of a checked article or dissertation. Remember, that a precis needs an objective view, thus there is no need to provide your personal opinion. This academic task requires essential points, clear structure, and precise revealing of the main ideas presented in work. You can find many precis samples online, and complete your task flawlessly. Make sure to check the main tips of critical precis presented below. Remember to summarize the main ideas presented in the analyzed paper and never try to provide your personal opinion. How to Start Performing a Precis Writing a precis is quite a complex process, which requires an ability to think critically, distinguish the main ideas from the entire content, and to provide an objective point of view. Here are some tips you can use for your precis performing: Read the analyzed article carefully and list the main ideas. Try to figure out what the author wanted to tell in his work. Check the evidence provided by the author. Restate the thesis provided by the author in your own words. Your opinions must be on-point and precise. Write a few sentences for each section. A precis is a short summary, thus it should not be too long. Re-read the article and make sure it is in accord with your summary. Check whether you have covered the main ideas. Make sure you use a logical structure. Check the accuracy of the written text. Check it for a few times to submit a flawless precis. Make sure to provide in your paper an analysis of the author’s tone and the way he used to communicate with the audience. The Main Features of a Good Precis A precis is quite a difficult work, but it can be performed perfectly if you know the main features of a good precis: Clear and precise text. No paraphrased sentences, but only own words used. Logical order of the provided text. Great title of the paper. Lack of any irrelevant details. Lack of any outside information. How to Write a Rhetorical Precis Rhetorical precis is a greatly structured piece of writing, which requires summing up the main ideas. It should be a brief summary, with the outlined main ideas and points. Make sure to check a needed format and stick to your writing plan. Follow the next useful tips and guides: Mention the name of the author, the title of the article, and the date of publishing. Explain the way the author proves the main arguments of the paper. State the main purpose of the author’s work. Reveal the way the author tries to communicate with the audience. When writing a precis, try to put all the ideas together, and catch the readers’ attention. Make a precis short and precise. Use your own words and an objective point of view. When writing a good precis, the student needs to provide a summary of the read text, article or dissertation, but without paraphrasing it. This complex academic task requires summing up ideas of the checked literature work and making some conclusions. A precis is an important and separate work, thus it never remains a simple paraphrasing. Besides, a precis does not require mentioning all the details presented in an analyzed literature work. You need to sum up the main ideas and discover the structure of a checked article or dissertation. Remember, that you must provide only an objective view, thus there is no need to tell your personal opinion. This task requires essential points, clear structure, and precise revealing of the main ideas presented in work.